yo
estoy
Spanish 101 · Grammar
Estar conjugation
Estar is irregular like ser — but the uses are different. Nail the forms first, then apply ser vs. estar logic.
The rule
Present indicative: estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están.
Estar + past participle can mark resultant states (La ventana está cerrada); estar + gerund marks progressive aspect (Estamos comiendo).
Do not use estar + bare adjective for inherent traits you would express with ser (*Estoy alto for height is wrong unless you mean a staged/temporary reading).
Progressive = estar + gerund. Spanish does not use progressive as widely as English (“I love” ≠ *Estoy amando* in most contexts).
¿Estás listo para el examen?Are you ready for the exam?
Mis padres están de vacaciones.My parents are on vacation.
Examples in context
Ella es médica.She is a doctor (profession).ser — profession
Madrid es la capital de España.Madrid is the capital of Spain.ser — classification
Son las cuatro y cuarto.It is four fifteen.ser — clock time
Estoy cansado hoy.I am tired today (temporary state).estar — condition
El libro está en la mesa.The book is on the table.estar — location
La tienda está cerrada.The shop is closed (resultant state).estar — resultant state
Mi hermano es alto.My brother is tall (inherent trait).ser — trait
Estamos en clase.We are in class.estar — location
Quick reference
él/ella/usted
está
ellos/ellas/ustedes
están
Common mistakes
Using ser for location
❌ Wrong: ¿Dónde es el baño?
✅ Correct: ¿Dónde está el baño?
Location of things and people uses estar, not ser.
Using estar for profession
❌ Wrong: Estoy profesor.
✅ Correct: Soy profesor.
Profession and identity use ser.
Using estar for clock time
❌ Wrong: Están las tres.
✅ Correct: Son las tres.
Clock time uses ser: son las…
Mixing up bored meanings
❌ Wrong: Ella es aburrida. (when you mean bored)
✅ Correct: Ella está aburrida.
Aburrido with estar often means bored; with ser it means boring.
Practice questions
Test what you just learned. Select an answer to see instant feedback.
Ellas _____ en la biblioteca.
Yo _____ cansado hoy.
¿_____ listos para salir?
El café _____ caliente.
Mis padres _____ de vacaciones en Florida.
You got 0/5 correct.
Want more practice on Estar conjugation?
Chapurra has 50 questions like these, organized by chapter. Capítulo Preliminar is free.
Start practicing free →FAQ
Is estar always for “temporary” and ser for “permanent”?
That shortcut breaks quickly. Location uses estar even when it lasts years (México está en América). Events and clock time often use ser (La clase es a las diez; Son las tres). Think “definition or classification” versus “where something is or how it is right now,” not a timer.
Why does the same adjective with ser vs. estar change the English meaning?
Spanish often uses ser + adjective for a stable trait or category and estar + the same adjective for a passing state or impression. Classic pairs include aburrido (boring vs. bored), listo (clever vs. ready), and bueno (good vs. tasty or “well behaved” in context). Your textbook will list the most common shifts.
Do I use ser or estar with past participles like cerrado?
For resultant states (“closed,” “broken,” “written”), Spanish usually uses estar: La tienda está cerrada. Passive sentences with an agent (fue escrita por…) are a separate, more advanced pattern. In first-year courses, estar + participle for state is the pattern you drill most.
Which verb do I use for profession or major?
Identity and category take ser: Soy estudiante, Ella es ingeniera. Estar would signal a staged or unusual reading, not a neutral job title. If you are stating what someone “is” in a definitional way, start with ser.
How do I choose when both ser and estar seem possible?
Ask whether you are locating the subject, describing a current condition or result, or using a progressive (estar + gerund). If instead you are classifying, giving origin, telling time, or framing a scheduled event, ser is more likely. When in doubt, say the sentence aloud with both verbs and pick the one native speakers use in parallel examples from class.